In-depth analysis of California’s many Immigrant Enclaves: Part II

White European Immigrant Enclaves in California

Part I: Latin American/Latino Enclaves  

England

There are about 58k English immigrants and 2.3 Million people of English ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of English immigrants is in Murrietta and Menifee in the Inland Empire and Belmont Shores neighborhood in Long Beach. English immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal including Santa Monica, Venice, Marina Del Rey, Beverly Hills/Beverly Grove, Pasadena, Redondo Beach, Thousand Oaks, Santa Clarita, in the LA metro, and Irvine, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, and Rancho Santa Margarita in Orange County, Carlsbad in San Diego County, and Santa Barbara. There is a Little Britain enclave in Downtown Santa Monica, where a lot of British immigrants were initially attracted to work in the aerospace industry, though the community seems to be in decline.

There are also a lot of English immigrants in the Bay Area, though dispersed across San Francisco, Marin County, Silicon Valley, Palo Alto, Berkeley, Walnut Creek, and Livermore, with no real area of concentration.

Santa Monica’s Little Britain

Source: reddit.com/r/CasualUK

Scotland

There are 8.4k Scottish immigrants and 454.4k people of Scottish ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Scottish immigrants reside in North Hollywood, Mount Washington in Northeast LA, Mar Vista in West LA, Thousand Oaks, Torrance, Orange in Orange County, Temecula and Menifee in the Inland Empire, Palm Desert, and the Forest Knolls neighborhood in San Francisco.  

Ireland

There are 16k Irish immigrants and 2.2 Million people of Irish ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Irish immigrants is in San Fransisco, especially the Sunset and Richmond districts, as well as Haight Ashbury. Irish immigrants also reside in Burlingame, San Mateo, and San Rafael in the Bay Area, and Santa Monica.

Sweden

There are 12.2k Swedish immigrants and 329.8k people of Swedish ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California's greatest concentration of Swedish immigrants is in LA’s Fairfax District. Swedish immigrants also reside in Santa Barbara, Thousand Oaks, Malibu, Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley, Chula Vista, Del Mar, Encinitas, Carlsbad, and Vista in the San Diego metro, Irvine in Orange County, and the Bay Area in Los Gatos, Palo Alto, and East Oakland. There are a lot of Swedish students in Santa Barbara due to the City College having an exchange program. The concentration of Swedes in the Fairfax District is probably those who work in the entertainment industry.

Norway

There are 3.6k Norwegian immigrants and 336.2k people of Norwegian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Norwegian immigrants is in Goleta near Santa Barbara. Norwegian immigrants also reside in nearby Isla Vista, Del Mar, Eastville in the Inland Empire, San Francisco, and Sonoma County. Like Sweden, it is presumably college students for Goleta and Isla Vista.

Denmark

There are 6.5k Danish immigrants and 144.3k people of Danish ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California's greatest concentration of Danish immigrants is in Carlsbad in San Diego County. Danish immigrants also reside in Manhattan Beach, Culver City, Santa Clarita, Menifee, East Hemet, and Santa Ynez in SoCal.

In the Bay Area, Danish immigrants reside in San Francisco’s Forest Knolls neighborhood and Los Altos Hills, and to a lesser degree San Carlos, Walnut Creek, San Ramon, and Santa Rosa. There used to be a big Danish community in San Carlos but it has declined. The foreign-born Danish population in Solvang is relatively small, though there are a lot of Danish Americans in the Santa Barbara area and Santa Ynez Valley.  

Solvang

Netherlands

There are 17.9k Dutch immigrants and 280.9k people of Dutch ancestry in California By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Dutch immigrants is in Encinitas near San Diego. Dutch immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including San Marcos in San Diego County, Rancho Santa Margarita, Irvine, and Huntington Beach in Orange County, Lakewood in Southeast LA County, Santa Clarita, Pasadena, Riverside, Rancho Cucamonga, Thousand Oaks, and Ventura.

For the Bay Area, Dutch immigrants reside in Marin County, particularly Sleepy Hollow and Santa Rosa, and to a lesser degree Santa Clara, Mountain View, and Lafayette. There are also Dutch communities in Soquel and Aptos near Santa Cruz and Modesto. A lot of Dutch immigrants came to California as dairy farmers and settled in Ripon near Modesto and Artesia in Southeast LA County. There are also a lot of Dutch Americans in Ripon and Orange County, especially Huntington Beach.  

Germany

There are 73k German immigrants and 2.7 Million people of German ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California's greatest concentration of German immigrants is in Laguna Nigel and Carlsbad. German immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including La Jolla and nearby Carmel Valley, Oceanside, Encinitas, Laguna Woods, Huntington Beach, Irvine, Belmont Shores in Long Beach, Torrance, West Hollywood, Santa Monica, Thousand Oaks, and Santa Barbara, as well as San Luis Obispo on the Central Coast. Anaheim was founded by German immigrants but is now mostly Hispanic. However, there is a German club, the Phoenix Club, that hosts Oktoberfest in Anaheim, and many German Americans reside in Orange County.

In Northern California, the greatest concentration of German immigrants resides in the Santa Cruz/Ben Lomond area and the Palo Alto/Stanford/Menlo Park area, as well as Sunnyvale and Mountain View in Silicon Valley, San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland Hills, Walnut Creek, San Rafael in Marin County, Santa Rosa, and Redding. There used to be a German enclave in East Oakland’s Dimond District.

Phoenix Club Anaheim

Source: tripadvisor.in

Switzerland

There are 9.1k Swiss immigrants and 90.1k people of Swiss ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Swiss immigrants is in Ranch Palos Verdes. Swiss immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including Los Feliz and Sherman Oaks in LA, Glendale, Pasadena, Torrance, Irvine, La Jolla, Downtown San Diego, and Santa Barbara. Swiss immigrants in NorCal reside in Palo Alto/Stanford, and to a lesser degree San Francisco’s Mission Bay, Sunnyvale, Berkeley, Dublin, Walnut Creek, and Davis.

Austria

There are 6.7k Austrian immigrants and 62.1k people of Austrian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Austrian immigrants in SoCal reside in Placentia, Laguna Nigel, and Newport Beach in Orange County, La Jolla in the San Diego metro, the LA metro including Hollywood, West Hollywood, Fairfax District, Mar Vista, Westchester, Beverly Hills, Tarzana, Calabasas, Newbury Park, Palm Desert, and Carpinteria.

In the Bay Area, Austrian immigrants reside in Santa Rosa, Petaluma, Novato, San Rafael, San Francisco, Walnut Creek, Danville, Livermore, San Mateo, Sunnyvale, and Santa Clara. Austrians in other parts of California reside in Big Sur, and Grass Valley and Cameron Park in the Sierra foothills. The Austrian population in LA likely includes elderly Jewish refugees from WWII.

Belgium

There are about 6k Belgian immigrants and 23k people of Belgian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Belgian immigrants reside in San Francisco, particularly Telegraphy Hill, Westwood in LA, and Moorpark in Ventura County.

France

There are 40k French immigrants and 568.1k people of French ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of French immigrants is in San Francisco, particularly Haight Ashbury and Cole Valley. There is also a historic French district in San Francisco, Belden Place, next to Union Square. French immigrants to California seem to have much more of an urban preference than other European immigrants. Regardless, French immigrants are dispersed across the Bay Area, including Novato and San Rafael in Marin County, Mountain View and Sunnyvale in Silicon Valley, Los Altos, San Mateo, Redwood City, Palo Alto, Berkeley, Lafayette, and Livermore.

French immigrants in SoCal reside in Los Feliz, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, Westwood, Santa Monica, Venice, and Inglewood in the LA metro, as well as University City in San Diego, Carlsbad, Irvine, Newport Beach, Huntington Beach, Thousand Oaks, and Santa Barbara. In the late 1800s, LA had a French town near where Little Tokyo is. The high-end shopping and dining complex, Sunset Plaza on the Sunset Strip, has a Francophone theme. A lot of French Jews feeling antisemitism have recently settled in the area around Beverly Hills. The French presence in Inglewood is likely flight attendants who work at LAX.

Belden Place Bastille Day

Source: downtownsf.org

Italy

There are 31.4k Italian immigrants and 1.3 Million people of Italian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California's greatest concentration of Italian immigrants is in San Pedro. Italian immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal including La Jolla, University City, and 4S Ranch in the San Diego area, Irvine, Whittier, Yorba Linda, Glendale, West Hollywood, Thousand Oaks, and  Santa Barbara. LA used to have a Little Italy near where Chinatown is.

In the Bay Area, Italian immigrants reside in Noe Valley and Excelsior in San Francisco, South San Fransico, Redwood City, Sunnyvale, Mountain View, and San Rafael. There is a long history of Italians in San Francisco and San Francisco still has a Little Italy in North Beach. Italians were instrumental in creating California’s Wine Industry.

North Beach

Source: wetheitalians.com

Spain

There are 16.5k Spanish immigrants in California. By city and zip code, California's highest concentration of Spanish immigrants is in the northeastern suburbs of Fresno. Spanish immigrants also reside in West Hollywood, Fairfax District, and Pasadena in the LA area, Huntington Beach in Orange County, La Jolla, Normal Heights, and Chula Vista in the San Diego area, the Mission District in San Francisco, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, San Mateo, Novato, and Santa Rosa in the Bay Area, and Bakersfield. California’s Spaniard population is fairly small considering California’s historic ties to Spain.

Portugal

There are 25.4k Portuguese immigrants, 8k immigrants from the Azores, and 316.3k people of Portuguese ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Portuguese immigrants is in the Central Valley including Tulare, Hilmar, Turlock, Los Banos, Manteca, Tracy, Atwater, Modesto, Stockton, Galt, and Hanford. Portuguese immigrants also reside in San Jose, Santa Clara, Castro Valley, San Leandro, Novato, and Pleasanton in the Bay Area, Watsonville, Oxnard, Artesia, Rancho Cucamonga, and San Diego’s Point Loma. The Portuguese are one of California’s most rural European immigrant groups and have a very long history as farmers in the Central Valley, as well as fishermen.  

Greece

There are 10.5k Greek immigrants and 123k people of Greek ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Greek immigrants reside in Anaheim Hills, La Mirada, Yucaipa, Thousand Oaks, Simi Valley, Glendale, Westwood, and the San Fernando Valley in LA, and Los Gatos, Millbrae, and Fairfield in the Bay Area.

Macedonia

There are an abysmal 686 Macedonian immigrants and 2.9k people of Macedonian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Macedonian immigrants reside in Burbank, Dana Point, Yucaipa, Vacaville, and South of Market in San Francisco.

Bulgaria

There are 9.4k Bulgarian immigrants and 12.9k people of Bulgarian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Bulgarian immigrants reside in San Diego, the San Fernando Valley, and Dublin in the East Bay.

Romania

There are 23k Romanian immigrants and 59.3k people of Romanian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Romanian immigrants is in Anaheim and Fullerton in Orange County. Romanian immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including Carlsbad, Irvine, Mission Viejo, Placentia, Buena Park, Huntington Beach, Ladera Ranch, Riverside, Corona, East Whittier, Downey, Chino, Glendale, Hollywood, and the San Fernando Valley.

There is also a Romanian community in the Sacramento area including Roseville, North Highlands, Citrus Heights, Antelope, Rocklin, and Carmichael. In the Bay Area, Romanians reside in San Jose, San Mateo, and San Ramon, as well as in Monterrey on the Central Coast. Since Biden’s migrant crisis, there have been a lot of Roma/Gypsies from Romania showing up in California. However, I have no idea if they’re settling in any particular area, as they are nomadic.

Serbia

There are 4.5k Serbian immigrants and 18.5k people of Serbian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, Serbian immigrants reside in Claremont, San Marcos, and Escondido in the San Diego metro, Mission Viejo in Orange County, Brentwood and Santa Monica in the LA area, the Sacramento suburb Carmichael, and Palo Alto and Alameda in the Bay Area.

Croatia

There are almost 5k Croatian immigrants and 46.8k people of Croatian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Croatian immigrants is in San Pedro and nearby Palos Verdes. Croatian immigrants also reside in Huntington Beach in Orange County and Fremont in the East Bay.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

There are 4.8k immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina in California. By city and zip code, Bosnian immigrants reside in the Sacramento suburb Carmichael, Campbell in the Silicon Valley, Antioch in the East Bay, and Winnetka in the San Fernando Valley.

Albania

There are about 1.7k Albanian immigrants and 5.2k people of Albanian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s main Albanian immigrant community is in San Diego, as well as San Mateo in the Bay Area.

Czechia & Slovakia

There are 9.2k immigrants from Czechia and Slovakia in California (Zip Atlas lumps the two nationalities together). By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Czech and Slovak immigrants is in Newport Beach in Orange County and Pleasant Hill in the East Bay. Czech and Slovak immigrants also reside in Valley Glen in the San Fernando Valley, Santa Clarita, Carmel Valley in San Diego, Tustin, Belmont Shores in Long Beach, Rancho Palos Verdes, Redondo Beach, Santa Monica in SoCal, and Mountain View and San Francisco’s Mission Bay in the Bay Area, as well as Redding. The population for LA likely includes elderly Jewish refugees from WWII.

Hungary  

There are 10.9k Hungarian immigrants and 101.7k people of Hungarian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Hungarian immigrants is in the Richmond District in San Francisco. Hungarian immigrants also reside in Pacifica, Menlo Park, San Jose, and Concord in the Bay Area, West LA/Rancho Park, Reseda, and Lake Balboa in LA, as well as Palmdale, Santa Clarita, Simi Valley, Mission Viejo, and Brea. The population for LA likely includes elderly Jewish refugees from WWII.

Poland

There are 20.9k Polish immigrants and 442.7k people of Polish ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Polish immigrants is in Lake Forest in Orange County and Danville in the East Bay. Polish immigrants also reside in La Mesa and Oceanside in the San Diego area, Anaheim, Irvine, and Huntington Beach in Orange County, Santa Monica, Mar Vista, Tarzana, Northridge, Toluca Lake, and Glendale in the LA area, Sacramento, and Walnut Creek, Berkeley, Santa Clara, Menlo Park, and Palo Alto in the Bay Area. The population for LA likely includes elderly Jewish refugees from WWII.

Lithuania

There are 3.6k Lithuanian immigrants and 44.9k people of Lithuanian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Lithuanian immigrants is in Santa Monica. Lithuanian immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including 4S Ranch and Carlsbad in the San Diego metro, Beverly Hills, Pico Robertson and Redondo Beach in the LA area, and Ventura. Lithuanian immigrants in the Bay Area reside in Santa Clara and Cambrian Park in Southwestern San Jose. The population for LA likely includes elderly Jewish refugees from WWII.

Latvia

There are 2.9k Latvian immigrants and 9.7k people of Latvian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Latvian immigrants is actually in the African American community of Leimert Park in LA. Latvian immigrants also reside in Highland Park in northeast LA, Poway in the San Diego area, the Sacramento area including West Sacramento and Rancho Cordova, Cow Hollow and the Marina District in San Francisco, and Concord in the East Bay.

Russia

There are 71.9k Russian immigrants and 340.7k people of Russian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Russian immigrants is in West Hollywood, where there is a Russian enclave off Santa Monica Blvd/Fairfax Blvd. Russian immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal, including Hollywood and Los Feliz in LA, Glendale, the San Fernando Valley including Valley Glen, Encino, Tarzana, and Woodland Hills, Calabasas, Santa Monica, Redondo Beach, Irvine, Newport Beach, Huntington Beach, Temecula, and Carmel Valley in San Diego. The West Hollywood Russian community is in decline while recent Russian immigrants are attracted to the San Fernando Valley.

There is a large Russian community in the Sacramento metro, including West Sacramento, Carmichael, Citrus Heights, Arden Arcade, North Highlands, Antelope, Foothills Farms, Rancho Cordova, and Roseville. The greatest concentration of Russian immigrants in the Bay Area is in San Francisco’s Richmond District, along with Sunset District, Portola, Western Addition in Francisco, Walnut Creek, San Ramon, Daly City, San Mateo, Foster City, Redwood City, Palo Alto, Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Cupertino, and Santa Clara. Contra Costa County, and Walnut Creek in particular, have recently been attracting Russian immigrants. However, the Russian community in the Richmond District is much older Russian and dates back to White Russian refugees from the Bolshevik Revolution.   

Russian West Hollywood

Source: latimes.com 

Russian Church in Richmond District, San Francisco

Source: foundsf.org

Ukraine

There are 60.7k Ukrainian immigrants and 117.1k people of Ukrainian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Ukrainian immigrants is in the Sacramento metro, especially Antelope, North Highland, Citrus Heights, Foothill Farms, and Rancho Cordova, but also Carmichael, Roseville, and West Sacramento. Ukrainian immigrants in the Bay Area reside in San Francisco’s Richmond, Sunset District, and Western Addition, Concord, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, Mountain View, Santa Clara, Los Gatos, and East Palo Alto. Ukrainians in SoCal mostly reside in West Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley, including Woodland Hills, Tarzana, Sherman Oaks, and Grenada Hills, as well as Irvine.

Russians and Ukrainians tend to settle in the same areas, though Ukrainians are more concentrated in Sacramento. In the 1980s and early 90s, Evangelical Christian churches in Sacramento brought in Christian, especially Protestant refugees from Ukraine, and today Sacramento has a broader Eastern Slavic community. There are also a lot of Russian and Ukrainian tech immigrants in Silicon Valley.

The Ukrainian population likely includes more recent immigrants than for Russians. These stats are from the 2020 census and don’t include recent Ukrainian refugees from the war. While the main destination for new Russian and Ukrainian immigrants is Sacramento, I have heard that most new residents registering at DMVs in the West San Fernando Valley are Russian or Ukrainian. LA’s Russian and Ukrainian communities also include a lot of Jews who immigrated around the fall of the Soviet Union.

Moldova

There are 10.1k Moldovan immigrants in California. By city and zip code, like Ukrainians and Russians, California’s greatest concentration of Moldovan immigrants is in the Sacramento area including Rancho Cordova, North Highlands, Antelope, Citrus Heights, Rocklin, Carmichael, Lemon Hill, Folson, and Arden Arcade. Moldovan immigrants in the Bay Area reside in Castro Valley, Walnut Creek, and Livermore, and SoCal in West Hollywood, Studio City, and Tarzana in the San Fernando Valley, as well as Huntington Beach in Orange County.

Belarus

There are 11k immigrants from Belarus in California. By city and zip code, Belarusian immigrants reside in similar places as Russians and Ukrainians, primarily the Sacramento area including Antelope, Citrus Heights, North Highlands, and Carmichael. Belarusian immigrants also reside in San Mateo and Sunnyvale in the Bay Area and West Hollywood, the San Fernando Valley, Redondo Beach, Torrance, and Carlsbad in SoCal.

Canada

There are 127k Canadian immigrants and 70.4k people of Canadian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Canadian immigrants is in the Coachella Valley, including Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Rancho Mirage, and La Quinta. Canadians reside in other parts of SoCal including Oceanside, Encinitas, and Carmel Valley in San Diego County, Irvine, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, and Rancho Santa Margarita in Orange County, West LA, West Hollywood, Hollywood Hills, Redondo Beach, Thousand Oaks, Camarillo, and Corona.

Canadian immigrants in NorCal reside in San Francisco, Walnut Creek, Livermore, Berkeley, Sunnyvale, Mountain View, and Folsom. The Coachella Valley appeals to wealthy Canadian retirees/snowbirds and there are also a lot of Canadian tech workers in Silicon Valley. While most Canadian immigrants are White, there are also Canadian immigrants of East Asian and Indian backgrounds in Silicon Valley.  

Australia

There are about 23k immigrants from Australia and 18.6k people of Australian ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of Australian immigrants is in Marina Del Rey on the Westside of LA and Russian Hill in San Francisco. Australian immigrants also reside in Santa Monica, Westwood, Beverly Hills, West Hollywood, and Lancaster in the LA area, and Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Lafayette in the Bay Area. There are a lot of Aussies in the entertainment industry.

New Zealand

There are 3.9k people of New Zealand ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of New Zealanders is in San Pedro. New Zealanders also reside in Echo Park in LA, Mission Viejo, Laguna Nigel, Carlsbad, Vista, Grover Beach, San Francisco, Berkeley, Oakland Hills, and Alamo in the East Bay.

South Africa

There are 20.6k South African immigrants and 12.6k people of South African ancestry in California. By city and zip code, California’s greatest concentration of South African immigrants is in Orange County and San Diego, with the greatest concentration in Carmel Valley, but also nearby La Jolla, Santee, Carlsbad, Vista, Irvine, Mission Viejo, Lake Forest, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Yorba Linda, Laguna Nigel, and Rancho Santa Margarita. South African immigrants reside in other parts of SoCal including Brentwood, Pacific Palisades, and Santa Monica on the Westside of LA, Calabasas, Fairfax District, Pasadena, Wildomar near Murrieta, and Bakersfield County Club.

The greatest concentration of South African immigrants in NorCal is in Mill Valley/Tamalpais Valley and Tiburon in Marin County, as well as Noe Valley in San Francisco, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Mountain View, East Sacramento, Roseville, and Redding.

America’s and California’s South African immigrants are mostly White including Anglos, Afrikaners, and Jews, though not exclusively, and the community in Artesia could be Indian South Africans. An LA Times article from 1986 talked about Jewish South African immigrants forming a community in the Turtle Rock neighborhood of Irvine, near UC Irvine. Another article about South African Afrikaner immigrants to SoCal in the 1970s remarked, “Jacqui and her family settled in Irvine, California, which is a suburban, mostly white, middle class neighborhood where there was already a large South African population.”

European Student Data

ESL stats for California schools show that there are a decent amount of recent European immigrants with families in California, not just the elderly from earlier immigrant waves. The representation of European or other foreign White students include, Russian and Ukrainian students throughout the Sacramento metro, German students in Sonoma and Mendicino counties, Norwegian and Russian students in Marin County (Marin County is of the few places in California where Europeans dominate the foreign born population), British and French students in Lamorinda (Lafayette, Moraga, and Orinda), French students in Berkeley, British students in northeast San Francisco and Redwood City/Belmont/San Carloss in San Mateo County, Canadian and French students in the Inner Mission and Castro District, German students in Scotts Valley, French students in Santa Cruz, Russian students in Thousand Oaks and the West San Fernando Valley, Russian and Ukrainian students in Calabasas/Agoura Hills, French students in Redondo Beach/Manhattan Beach/Hermosa Beach, Romanian students in Mission Viejo, Bulgarian students in Carlsbad, German students in Del Mar and La Jolla, and Canadian students in Palm Desert and Lake Arrowhead/Big Bear Lake.

While only a tiny fraction of California’s immigrants and foreign students are European, it is interesting to see which areas appeal to recent European immigrants. Most of these areas are White and affluent, and European immigrants to California likely have per capita incomes way above average and above the native born White average.

This is part of a series with upcoming articles on Pacific Islander, Asian, Middle Eastern, African, and Afro-Caribbean immigrant enclaves in California.